AB-FUBINACA

AB-FUBINACA
The skeletal formula of AB-FUBINACA
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names	Ab-fubi
Substitutive name	AB-FUBINACA
Systematic name	N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
Routes of Administration
Smoked Dosage WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is a summary of data gathered from users and resources. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Threshold < 1 mg Light 1 - 2 mg Common 1 - 3 mg Strong 4 - 5 mg Heavy > 5 mg Duration Total 1 - 2 hours Onset 0 - 20 minutes Peak 30 - 60 minutes Offset 10 - 20 minutes Afterglow 15 - 30 minutes

Summary sheet: AB-FUBINACA

AB-FUBINACA (N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) is a drug that acts as a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors which produces subjective effects somewhat similar to that of cannabis. It was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication, but was never pursued for human use. Subsequently in 2012, this compound was discovered as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan along with a related compound AB-PINACA which had not previously been reported.

Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick onset of effects and rapid offset. AB-FUBINACA is orally active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other cannabinoids, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in ethanol and lipids.

There is some concern over the potential toxicity of many synthetic cannabinoids, so it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses.

Chemistry

AB-FUBINACA, or N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, is a synthetic indazole cannabinoid drug as it contains a substituted indazole core. A 4-substituted fluorophenyl group is bound to this indazole core through a methyl group at R₁ of the indazole. This indazole is substituted at R₃ with a carboxamide group. The terminal amine of this carboxamide is bonded to a substituted propyl chain with an aminocarbonyl group at R₁ and a methyl group at R₂.

Pharmacology

Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that AB-FUBINACA has a similar binding profile to that of other cannabinoids and matches many of the in vivo properties of Δ9-THC. As with the compounds within cannabis, AB-FUBINACA exhibits its range of effects via full agonism of both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high experience continues to remain elusive.

Subjective effects

The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.

Physical effects

• Spontaneous tactile sensations - The "body high" of AB-FUBINACA may be described as a warm, soft, pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. At high doses, this can become uncomfortably intense.
• Sedation - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are primarily sedating. This encourages one to relax, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. This can be suppressed by simply forcing oneself to engage in physical activities.
• Motor control loss - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
• Appetite enhancement - As with many other cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA causes an increase in appetite, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food. This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.
• Changes in gravity - AB-FUBINACA can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable.
• Perception of increased weight or Perception of decreased weight
• Dehydration- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture.

Cognitive effects

• Emotion enhancement - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities, or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind.
• Anxiety
• Paranoia - All cannabinoids are capable of inducing paranoia at high doses or with chronic administration.
• Thought connectivity
• Thought deceleration
• Conceptual thinking
• Information processing suppression
• Dream suppression
• Immersion enhancement
• Psychosis - The prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to psychosis, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).

Visual effects

• Tunneling
• Visual haze
• Geometry

Auditory effects

• Enhancements

Toxicity and harm potential

Main article: Research chemicals § Toxicity and harm potential

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational AB-FUBINACA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because AB-FUBINACA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried AB-FUBINACA within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of anxiety or to fall asleep.

It is worth noting that this compound has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use.

It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase one's current state of mind and emotions. Also, like THC, prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).

As the material is active in the milligram range, it is important to remain vigilant when dosing as to avoid a negative experience. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.

Tolerance and addiction potential

As with other synthetic cannibanoids, the chronic use of AB-FUBINACA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of AB-FUBINACA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). AB-FUBINACA presents cross-tolerance with all cannabinoids, meaning that after the consumption of AB-FUBINACA all cannabinoids will have a reduced effect.

Legal issues

• USA: In January 2014, AB-FUBINACA was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.
• Germany: On December 13, 2014 AB-FUBINACA was added to the controlled substance act ("BtMG"), making it illegal to produce, sell or possess.
• Latvia: AB-FUBINACA is a Schedule I drug.
• China: As of October 2015 AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance in China.

See also

• Responsible use
• Cannabis
• Cannabinoid
• THJ-018

External links

• AB-FUBINACA (Wikipedia)
• AB-FUBINACA (TripSit)
• AB-FUBINACA (Erowid)
• AB-FUBINACA (UKCR)