3-FPM |
| 3-FPM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| The skeletal formula of 3-FPM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common names | 3-FPM, PAL-593 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substitutive name | 3-Fluorophenmetrazine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systematic name | 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Routes of Administration | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Summary sheet: 3-FPM |
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (also called 3-FPM or PAL-593) is a short-lived stimulant drug of the phenethylamine variety which has recently been made available online. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through research chemical vendors. The drug is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less nervousness, euphoria, and insomnia than drugs of the substituted amphetamine class.
Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It's worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Contents
Chemistry
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the amphetamine family. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at Rα. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine group attached at R3 of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R2 of its chain, an oxygen group is bound. This oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is the fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine and a cyclic analogue of ephedrine.
Pharmacology
3-FPM is a sympathomimetic drug which has stimulant effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a releasing agent for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the central nervous system. This accumulation of neurotransmitters results in the experience of euphoric and stimulating effects. It has a higher affinity for all three monoamine transporters when compared to methylphenidate. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market.
Below is a table showing 3-FPM's affinity (EC50) for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline (NET) transporters as well as the values of some other stimulants that are more common:
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[1] |
Despite being able to compare these values directly, the prediction of possible effects from simply viewing the affinity values of a compound is not very accurate; however, they can be used to hypothesize about 3-FPM's mechanism of action in vivo.
Subjective effects
The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
Physical effects
- Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA or cocaine. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
- Increased heart rate - In comparison to other stimulants such as amphetamine or cocaine, 3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
- Appetite suppression - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with amphetamine or methamphetamine.
- Increased perspiration
- Vasoconstriction
- Sexual arousal - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.
Cognitive effects
- Wakefulness
- Thought acceleration
- Analysis enhancement
- Focus enhancement - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
- Motivation enhancement
- Anxiety
- Cognitive euphoria - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine, or methamphetamine.
After effects
The effects which occur during the offset of a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include:
Toxicity and harm potential
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Tolerance and addiction potential
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-FPM develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-FPM presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants, meaning that after the consumption of 3-FPM all stimulants will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
- Stimulants - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other stimulants as it can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.
- 25x-NBOMe - Both the NBOMe series and amphetamines induce powerful stimulation. Side effects such as thought loops, seizures, increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases) may occur.
- Alcohol - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
- DXM - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks (in extreme cases).
- MXE - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur.
- Tramadol - This combination can increase the risk of seizures.
- MDMA - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with amphetamines.
- MAOIs - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants.[2]
- Cocaine - This combination will increase strain on the heart.
Legal issues
- United Kingdom: 3-FPM is currently not covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act. It is legal to possess or obtain if not intended for human consumption.
- Sweden: The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.[3]
- Switzerland: 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.[4]
See also
External links
References
- ↑ https://www.google.com/patents/US20130203752
- ↑ Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity | http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/4/434
- ↑ http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara
- ↑ https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/official-compilation/2015/5093.pdf
